Try to solve this real problem: Incompatible Interfaces

• Inconsistent Interfaces: Different third-party services have different methods and properties, making it difficult to use them interchangeably.
• Code Duplication: Without a proper structure, you might end up duplicating code to adapt each service's interface to your application's requirements.

An example of bad design

// language: ruby
class ServiceA
  def fetch_data
    # Fetch data from Service A
    "Data from Service A"
  end
end

class ServiceB
  def get_info
    # Get info from Service B
    "Info from Service B"
  end
end

class ServiceC
  def retrieve_details
    # Retrieve details from Service C
    "Details from Service C"
  end
end

# Client code
def display_data(service)
  case service
  when ServiceA
    puts service.fetch_data
  when ServiceB
    puts service.get_info
  when ServiceC
    puts service.retrieve_details
  else
    raise "Unknown service type"
  end
end

# Usage
service_a = ServiceA.new
service_b = ServiceB.new
service_c = ServiceC.new

display_data(service_a)  # Output: Data from Service A
display_data(service_b)  # Output: Info from Service B
display_data(service_c)  # Output: Details from Service C

1. Poor Maintainability: The display_data method becomes hard to maintain as the logic for handling different services grows. Any change in the service interfaces requires updating the client code.
2. Code Duplication: Common logic for displaying data is duplicated for each service type.
3. Scalability: Adding a new service requires modifying the display_data method, which increases the risk of introducing bugs.

Adapter Pattern

• Interface Compatibility: Converts the interface of a class into another interface that a client expects.
• Reusability: Promotes code reusability by allowing existing classes to be used in new ways without modification.
• Single Responsibility Principle: Adheres to the Single Responsibility Principle by separating the interface adaptation logic from the business logic.

Implementing Adapter Pattern in Ruby

// language: ruby
# Target interface
class DataService
  def get_data
    raise NotImplementedError, 'Subclasses must override this method'
  end
end

# Adaptee 1
class ServiceA
  def fetch_data
    "Data from Service A"
  end
end

# Adapter for ServiceA
class ServiceAAdapter < DataService
  def initialize(service_a)
    @service_a = service_a
  end

  def get_data
    @service_a.fetch_data
  end
end

# Adaptee 2
class ServiceB
  def get_info
    "Info from Service B"
  end
end

# Adapter for ServiceB
class ServiceBAdapter < DataService
  def initialize(service_b)
    @service_b = service_b
  end

  def get_data
    @service_b.get_info
  end
end

# Adaptee 3
class ServiceC
  def retrieve_details
    "Details from Service C"
  end
end

# Adapter for ServiceC
class ServiceCAdapter < DataService
  def initialize(service_c)
    @service_c = service_c
  end

  def get_data
    @service_c.retrieve_details
  end
end

# Client code
def display_data(service)
  puts service.get_data
end

# Usage
service_a_adapter = ServiceAAdapter.new(ServiceA.new)
service_b_adapter = ServiceBAdapter.new(ServiceB.new)
service_c_adapter = ServiceCAdapter.new(ServiceC.new)

display_data(service_a_adapter)  # Output: Data from Service A
display_data(service_b_adapter)  # Output: Info from Service B
display_data(service_c_adapter)  # Output: Details from Service C

1. Interface Compatibility: Each adapter class adapts a specific service to the target interface (DataService), making it easy to use different services interchangeably.
2. Maintainability: The client code (display_data) is simplified and does not need to be modified when new services are added.
3. Scalability: Adding a new service only requires creating a new adapter class without modifying existing code.
4. Single Responsibility Principle: The adaptation logic is separated from the business logic, making the code more modular and easier to maintain.

More Practical Examples

// language: ruby
# Target interface
class PaymentProcessor
  def process_payment(amount)
    raise NotImplementedError, 'Subclasses must override this method'
  end
end

# Adaptee 1
class PayPal
  def send_payment(amount)
    "Processing #{amount} payment through PayPal"
  end
end

# Adapter for PayPal
class PayPalAdapter < PaymentProcessor
  def initialize(paypal)
    @paypal = paypal
  end

  def process_payment(amount)
    @paypal.send_payment(amount)
  end
end

# Adaptee 2
class Stripe
  def make_payment(amount)
    "Processing #{amount} payment through Stripe"
  end
end

# Adapter for Stripe
class StripeAdapter < PaymentProcessor
  def initialize(stripe)
    @stripe = stripe
  end

  def process_payment(amount)
    @stripe.make_payment(amount)
  end
end

# Adaptee 3
class Square
  def execute_payment(amount)
    "Processing #{amount} payment through Square"
  end
end

# Adapter for Square
class SquareAdapter < PaymentProcessor
  def initialize(square)
    @square = square
  end

  def process_payment(amount)
    @square.execute_payment(amount)
  end
end

# Client code
def process_payment(payment_processor, amount)
  puts payment_processor.process_payment(amount)
end

# Usage
paypal_adapter = PayPalAdapter.new(PayPal.new)
stripe_adapter = StripeAdapter.new(Stripe.new)
square_adapter = SquareAdapter.new(Square.new)

process_payment(paypal_adapter, 100)  # Output: Processing 100 payment through PayPal
process_payment(stripe_adapter, 200)  # Output: Processing 200 payment through Stripe
process_payment(square_adapter, 300)  # Output: Processing 300 payment through Square

// language: ruby
# Target interface
class FileReader
  def read_file
    raise NotImplementedError, 'Subclasses must override this method'
  end
end

# Adaptee 1
class CSVFile
  def read_csv
    "Reading CSV file"
  end
end

# Adapter for CSVFile
class CSVFileReader < FileReader
  def initialize(csv_file)
    @csv_file = csv_file
  end

  def read_file
    @csv_file.read_csv
  end
end

# Adaptee 2
class JSONFile
  def read_json
    "Reading JSON file"
  end
end

# Adapter for JSONFile
class JSONFileReader < FileReader
  def initialize(json_file)
    @json_file = json_file
  end

  def read_file
    @json_file.read_json
  end
end

# Adaptee 3
class XMLFile
  def read_xml
    "Reading XML file"
  end
end

# Adapter for XMLFile
class XMLFileReader < FileReader
  def initialize(xml_file)
    @xml_file = xml_file
  end

  def read_file
    @xml_file.read_xml
  end
end

# Client code
def read_file(file_reader)
  puts file_reader.read_file
end

# Usage
csv_reader = CSVFileReader.new(CSVFile.new)
json_reader = JSONFileReader.new(JSONFile.new)
xml_reader = XMLFileReader.new(XMLFile.new)

read_file(csv_reader)  # Output: Reading CSV file
read_file(json_reader)  # Output: Reading JSON file
read_file(xml_reader)  # Output: Reading XML file

Conclusion